The Experiments
Creating experiments to demonstrate these effects are easy to design but hard to implement. The first effect to measure was the increase in the electric field from a moving charge when its viewed perpendicular to its motion. The simplest method was to charge a ring and rotate it and measure the change in its electric field. This experiment is diagrammed below:
To see a change in the electric field from a moving charged object from the 2nd term in our new field equation a rotating charged ring is equivalent to a moving charged object. The ring cannot just be connected to a modern high voltage power and rotated. Any change in the electric field on the rotating ring will be transmitted down the wire conductor that connects the power supply to the ring and the power supply will down regulate it. So we have to separate the charge in the rotating frame of reference from the wire and power supply that is in the stationary frame of reference. Placing a semiconductor diode placed anywhere along the wire will not work. The diode needs to be in the rotating frame of reference. Plus most diodes have too high a leakage current and they will leak off charge that will suppress the change in the electric field from the rings motion. The best solution is a tube diode. Tube diodes have no leakage current. The other technique to enhance the appearance of the change in the electric field is to attach the power connection to the ring at the outside of the ring with a section of the attachment wire farther from the center of the ring than the charged ring. A Guard Ring is used to isolate the charged ring from the capacitance in the area around the ring and to increase the amount of charge that the ring can hold. A modern regulated high voltage power supply can be used if a control load is put across its output and the output isolated from the power supplies output with low leakage diodes and capacitors. But a electrostatic power supply is recommended since it has its input conductors isolated from its output conductors like a Van De Graaff electrostatic generator.
The experiment diagrammed above is not as simple to implement using conductors to transfer and to hold the charge as it looks. The important attributes shown like the type of power supply, diode, and placement of the diode are extremely important for this experiment to work right. If you want to replicate this experiment we are glad to help if you contact us with questions.
The other extremely important element is the low drift static electric field meter. The reciprocating electric field meters made today are for measuring static charges and are relatively insensitive to changes in the electric fields due to the motion of a charged object. The main reason is that these meters have sensors that have a charged moving shutter in front of their sensor that has its own changes in its electric field due to its motion. These changes in the electric field due the moving shutter are nulled out when the meter is calibrated to a reference static electric field. This ends up making the meter insensitive to relativistic electric field changes.
We used a Simco SS-2X electrostatic locator that was rebuilt to give us low drift readings. To get the locator to give us low drift rates we had to have all of its components changed to ultra low drift components including the op amp and resistors. Only the original matched IGFETs were left in the unit. Then it was powered by a low drift power supply instead of the original 9 volt battery. Then finally the case was disconnected from the locators ground and a variable +- 10 volt supply was connected to the case. The external variable supply was then adjusted to a potential that blocked the charges on IGFETs gates from leaking off. Then the whole unit was placed in a Faraday cage with an opening for the sensor to sense our electric field changes. By making these changes to the SS-2X drift rates of less than 10 volts/day were achieved. The output from the locator was then applied to a 16 Bit National Instruments AD card for measurement. The actual experiment is shown below:
The other extremely important element is the low drift static electric field meter. The reciprocating electric field meters made today are for measuring static charges and are relatively insensitive to changes in the electric fields due to the motion of a charged object. The main reason is that these meters have sensors that have a charged moving shutter in front of their sensor that has its own changes in its electric field due to its motion. These changes in the electric field due the moving shutter are nulled out when the meter is calibrated to a reference static electric field. This ends up making the meter insensitive to relativistic electric field changes.
We used a Simco SS-2X electrostatic locator that was rebuilt to give us low drift readings. To get the locator to give us low drift rates we had to have all of its components changed to ultra low drift components including the op amp and resistors. Only the original matched IGFETs were left in the unit. Then it was powered by a low drift power supply instead of the original 9 volt battery. Then finally the case was disconnected from the locators ground and a variable +- 10 volt supply was connected to the case. The external variable supply was then adjusted to a potential that blocked the charges on IGFETs gates from leaking off. Then the whole unit was placed in a Faraday cage with an opening for the sensor to sense our electric field changes. By making these changes to the SS-2X drift rates of less than 10 volts/day were achieved. The output from the locator was then applied to a 16 Bit National Instruments AD card for measurement. The actual experiment is shown below:
The Rotating disk is the black disk in the test setup. The test material that is used for the charged ring is the black ring on the edge of the disk. The brass band around it is the guard ring that is grounded. The box at the bottom or front of tester is the electrostatic shielded box that contains modified static electric field meter. The motor is housed below the disk. The electric components in the top portion of the experiment are used to isolate the outputs of a modern regulated High voltage power supply.
The test rack for rotating charged ring experiment. A modern 20 Kv regulated power supply was used for testing. This resulted in a number of issues that had to be resolved before we got good data. The electrometer in the picture was used to monitor the reference voltages inside the electrostatic meter. The power supply monitors are the brown voltage meters next to the computer screen. the regulated power supplies in the bottom rack were used to supply the power to system peripherals.
The experiment was driven by a program written in C under Lab Windows 5.1 from National Instrument. The programed was designed to sample one rotation of the ring 5000 times and save each rotations profile as an average of the 5000 samples. The sample rate was recalculated for each rotation so the differences in the rotation speed didn't alter the where on the ring that the samples were taken or the number of samples. The test sequence for looking for changes in the electric field of the charged ring compared to when it was as follows:
- Spin the ring at a speed of 3 M/S
- Measure the electric field
- Spin the disk up to 50 M/S and remove power to the motor
- Measure the electric field of the disk for each rotation until the speed returns to 3 M/S
- Spin the ring at a speed of 3 M/S
- Re-measure the electric field
- Use the first 3 M/S measurement and the last 3 M/S measurement to determine drift.
The graph on the left side is a plot of the measured potential of the ring against the velocity of the charges on the ring from 2 M/S to 50 M/S. This graph is showing about a 75 volt increase in the potential that is read for the charged ring when it is moving at 50 M/S as compared to 2 M/S. This electric field change is due to the 2nd term in our new equation.
The graph on the right is tracking the increase in the potential read on the outer side of the ring over 50 runs or about 24 hours. This particular material used for the ring has been designed to generate a large scalar electric potential. This scalar electric potential is seen as a potential increase of the rings potential as it rotates over time. This material is showing an increase of about 350 volts over a 24 hour period.
The next experiment used a rotating charged disk to look for changes in the electric field caused by the relative motion of the charges on the disks. The experiment is diagrammed below:
The graph on the right is tracking the increase in the potential read on the outer side of the ring over 50 runs or about 24 hours. This particular material used for the ring has been designed to generate a large scalar electric potential. This scalar electric potential is seen as a potential increase of the rings potential as it rotates over time. This material is showing an increase of about 350 volts over a 24 hour period.
The next experiment used a rotating charged disk to look for changes in the electric field caused by the relative motion of the charges on the disks. The experiment is diagrammed below:
In this experiment we are going to measure the electric field change across the face of a rotating disk instead of from the edge of the disk. In this experiment we have one electric field meter that is perpendicular to the face of the charged disk. This allows the electric field meter to measure the change in the electric field from it motion from the cross product of the motion and charge. The other electric field meter is angled at 45 degrees to the face of the disk. This allows this electric field meter to measure the change in the electric field from it motion from the dot product of the motion and charge. So now we can test different types of materials to see how their electric fields change when they are in motion. We are able to test different types of materials by coating an acrylic disk with our test material and then charging the coating with our voltage source.
Then the disk is rotated up to 10,000 RPM and the outputs of the electric field meters are analyzed to give us our 3 different electric field components. Another electric field meter could be used pointing in towards the center of the disk to give us our 4th component.
Then the disk is rotated up to 10,000 RPM and the outputs of the electric field meters are analyzed to give us our 3 different electric field components. Another electric field meter could be used pointing in towards the center of the disk to give us our 4th component.
In this experiment we were trying to measure the changes in the static electric field from the motion of the charges and from the changes in the electric field from the scalar electric potential. By using two electric field sensors, one perpendicular to the surface and one angled at 45 degree, we can see the changes directly from the cross product of the velocity and the charge on the disk. We can also use the angled sensor to extract the change in the electric field from the scalar electric potential. When the angled sensor is pointing against the direction of rotation we see the increase in the electric field from the approaching charges and if it is pointing with the direction of rotation the we see the decrease in the electric field from the receding charges. The actual experiment is shown below:
This is the test head assembly that was used to characterize our 9 inch coated insulating acrylic disks. The disks are loaded into the test head from the front. The perpendicular electrostatic remote sensor is on the left of the fixture and the 45 Degree remote sensor is on the right under the 2 separated sections of acrylic. The relays on the top of the test head switch out high voltage around the fixture. The sensor on the front records rotations.
The first type of coating tested was a smooth copper coating. In this case the charges in the smooth copper coating is going to shield the scalar electric potential from being seen by the angled sensor above and below the face of the disk and we should just see in the increase in the electric field from the cross product of the motion of the charges. That is what we see as shown below from a graph of the velocity of the charges to electric field changes from the sensors:
This chart is taken from the theoretical description "New Electrodynamics". This test system will charge up a disk to a potential and then spin the disk to a maximum rotation velocity. The test software will sample the rotating disk at a rate of 5000 samples per rotation and then average the data points to get one data point on the graph.
The chart on the left graphs the outputs from the 2 electric field sensors on the Y axis against the rotation velocity of the charges on the X axis. The charge rotation speeds are from 4 M/S to 50 M/S and the static DC potential was about -2.5 Kv. The black line on the left graph is the graph of the output of the perpendicular electric field sensor and the red line is the graph of the 45 degree electric field sensor. The right graph is the calculated change in the electric field from second term or cross product of the velocity and charge of our new electric field equation derived from the 2 plots on the left chart. For this disk we have a increase in the relative electric field change or complex electric field change from this disk is about - 45 volts at 50 M/S from the cross product of charges potential and is motion. Below is the same output except that it is now showing on the right graph the change in the relative electric field from the change in the potential from the scalar electric potential above the disk. The graph on the right is giving us a value very close to 0.
This is the same data as the chart above except that the right chart now shows the change in the electric field from the change in the potential from electric scalar. For a smooth copper disk the increase from the electric scalar is only seen at the edge of the disk and it isn't seen above and below the face of the rotating disk.
A second type of coating made from a high resistance material with a rough surface. This type of coating with a rough surface allows the change of the electric field from the scalar electric potential to be seen above and below the disk. The disk is charged to +3 Kv and rotated from 4 M/S to 50 M/S. The relativistic electric field change seen from the perpendicular electric field sensor is now a 15 volt decrease in the electric field when the charges are moving at 50 M/S. When the 45 degree electric field sensor is angled to see the approaching charges. The sensor sees a increase in the electric field from the scalar electric potential of 25 volts. When the 45 degree electric field sensor is angled to see the receding charges it sees a 10 volt decrease in the electric field from the scalar electric potential. The black line on the left graph is the output from the perpendicular electric field sensor and the red graph is the output from the 45 degree electric field sensor. The right graphs of the next 2 outputs are graphing the change in the electric field from the scalar electric potential. The right graph for the 3rd output is a plot of the relativistic electric field change from the cross product of the charges potential and their relative motion. These changes are described in the next 3 experiment outputs.
The graph on the left is the electric sensor outputs from the 2 sensors. The red data points/lines are from the 45 degree sensor that is looking at the approaching charges. The static charge on the disk is positive so an increase in the potential is up. The right graph is the change in the electric field from the increase in the scalar electric potential from the approaching charges. We see an increase of 25 volts at 50 M/S.
The graph on the left is the electric sensor outputs from the 2 sensors. The red data points/lines are from the 45 degree sensor that is looking at the receding charges. The right graph is the change in the electric field from the decrease in the scalar electric potential from the receding charges. We see a decrease in the potential of 10 volts at 50 M/S for the charges that are receding from the electric field sensor.
The black data points/lines on the graphs are from the 90 degree sensor that is looking perpendicular to the motion of the charges. The right graph is the change in the electric field from the cross product of the motion of the charges and the charge. We see a decrease of 15 volts at 50 M/S. This decrease is from a new radial field forming from the centripetal acceleration of the positive charges from this type of coating.
The electric field from this type of coating is much more complex than the one that we got from the smooth copper coating. This type of coating has the changes in its electric field from its relative motion that are due to the changes in the scalar electric potential of the moving charges. If the smooth copper disk and the high resistance disk are charged and rotated against one another, as diagrammed below, the two disks are going to see different total electric fields from each other in their inertial frames of references:
In this experiment two test disks are charged and rotated against one another. If the coatings are made of the same material then their relative velocity electric fields will be the same. Then the force meter will read the same force as if the disks were stationary. If the disks are made of different materials that amplify different complex electric field components, then the force meter will read a different value when they are charged and rotating than when the disks are stationary.
When the disk with the smooth copper coating is rotated against the disk with the high resistance coating, the smooth copper coated disk is going to see a decrease in the total electric field from the high resistance disk of 15 volts. The rotating smooth copper coated disk is also going to see a tangential electric field of (25 + 10) = 35 volts that will create a drag force on the charges on the rotating disk. The disk with the high resistance material will instead see an increase in the total electric field of 45 volts from the disk with the smooth copper coating and no tangential electric field and as such no drag. If we rotate these two disks against each other when they are charged to opposite polarities we will see an increase in the rotation resistance from the tangential field along with a new extra axial force or thrust from the assembly. The next two experiments are two test fixtures that are used to measure the thrust from rotating these kinds of disks against one another.
This is the vertical thrust experiment. This experiment rotates a charged test disk that is about to be loaded into the experiment against a fixed disk that has already been loaded into the fixture. The fixed disk has angled grooves machined into it so the it will develop a vertical force from the radial field that develops from a charged high resistance disk when it is rotated. These type of high resistance disks are called a dot product disks to indicate that the electric field changes are from the changes in scalar electric potential.
The above experiment measures the thrust of a charged rotating disk rotated against a charged fixed disk. The disks for this fixture are the same disks that are characterized in the preceding fixture. This allows us to mix and match different disk types to determine which ones give the best thrust numbers. The test that is getting loaded up in the picture is to determine if we can use the radial electric field change from one of our dot product disks (the top disk) against a disk that has been machined to exploit that particular electric field change to produce a thrust.
This experiment is the horizontal thrust experiment. The fixed disk is the disk covered in Kapton tape on the right and the rotating disk is the disk that is to the left of it. The motor in the gray plastic mount is on a ball slider to allow the assembly to move. The assembly is angled to allow gravity to force the assembly to the right. The disks are then charged up with 1-10 micro Coulombs and then rotated at speeds of 100 - 10000 RPM. The whole assembly is attached to a force meter to measure the axial force from the assembly.
The above experiment is being used characterize 6 inch disks to create an axial force for a smaller device. These two experiments allow us to characterize the different types of force the we see from these different combinations of disks. The test output below is a graph of the amount of thrust or axial force that you can get from rotating a cross product disk (a smooth conductive one) against a dot product disk (a disk with rough high resistance coating):
This display is the output from the above thrust experiment. In this experiment the motor starts to spin a "-" charged cross product disk against a "+" charged dot product disk at time of 20 seconds and continues spinning the disk until time 40 seconds. The chart shows a negative (against gravity) axial force (thrust) that increases from 0 at 20 seconds to 25 Milli-Newtons at 40 seconds that then goes back to 0 when the disks stop rotating at time 60 seconds.
This test is showing an axial force of 25 Milli-Newtons that is being seen from the motor assembly composed of the disks and motor. This axial force is created with a power consumption from the motor of 50 watts. When these 2 disks are rotated against one another without a charge on them we see almost no axial force and a motor power consumption of less than 30 watts.