The Results
The results from these experiments shows that the current mathematical frame work that is used today by electrical engineers is just a special case to the larger one that was proposed by James Maxwell by his bi-quaternion. The reason that the current mathematical framework works today is that it is dependent on the characteristics of a conductor to exclude the effects from the extra terms predicted in Maxwell's original bi-quaternion.
James Maxwell's original bi-quaternion predicted a number of effects that are seen as changes in the electric fields from moving isolated charged elements in one inertial frame of reference that are observed from a different inertial frame of reference. These electric field changes are supported by Einstein's theory of relativity through the effect of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction of the moving electric charges. By converting James Maxwell's original bi-quaternion from the units of Weber/Meter to the units of Volts and performing new derivations for the electric field and scalar electric potential we get easily measured changes in the electric fields of moving isolated charged objects.
These relativistic changes in the electric fields from moving charges can be exploited to create an action force that has its reaction force perpendicular to it's action force. This is exactly what is done with a propeller on an airplane, where the shape of the propeller generates a resistance to its rotation that translates into an axial force from the movement of the air that the propeller creates. This effect is hinted at by the ability of an electric current in a wire to attract another wire conducting an electric current by creating an attractive force that is perpendicular to the current in both wires.
The effects from these extra terms in the electric field equation and the new equation the scalar electric potential are easily measured if the following rules are followed.
James Maxwell's original bi-quaternion predicted a number of effects that are seen as changes in the electric fields from moving isolated charged elements in one inertial frame of reference that are observed from a different inertial frame of reference. These electric field changes are supported by Einstein's theory of relativity through the effect of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction of the moving electric charges. By converting James Maxwell's original bi-quaternion from the units of Weber/Meter to the units of Volts and performing new derivations for the electric field and scalar electric potential we get easily measured changes in the electric fields of moving isolated charged objects.
These relativistic changes in the electric fields from moving charges can be exploited to create an action force that has its reaction force perpendicular to it's action force. This is exactly what is done with a propeller on an airplane, where the shape of the propeller generates a resistance to its rotation that translates into an axial force from the movement of the air that the propeller creates. This effect is hinted at by the ability of an electric current in a wire to attract another wire conducting an electric current by creating an attractive force that is perpendicular to the current in both wires.
The effects from these extra terms in the electric field equation and the new equation the scalar electric potential are easily measured if the following rules are followed.
- To see relativistic changes in electric fields from charged conductors the conductors cannot cross inertial frames of reference.
- If a section of a conductor does cross an inertial frame of reference. Some means must be implemented to not allow the mobile charges in one segment to see the changes in the relativistic electric fields in the different segments. Any change in the electric fields in the different segments in different inertial frames of references will cause the mobile charges to redistribute in the conductor to keep the electric field in the whole conductor at 0.
- Modern power supplies can only be used in the inertial frame of reference of the object that they are supplying the potential to and have no direct or indirect connections through a conductor to another inertial frame of reference. A major problem with modern power supplies is that they usually have a direct or indirect connections to Earth Ground that supplies a conductor with infinite supply of mobile charges to keep a conductors internal electric field near 0. The second problem is that a modern power supply they are designed to keep their outputs at a particular potential and will up or down regulate their current source to keep that potential at a particular voltage.
- Electrostatic power supplies are the preferred method to supply potentials to charged objects in different inertial frames of reference. The reason is that their outputs do not have a connection to their input source or Earth Ground through a conductor either directly or indirectly. Plus these power supplies will not up regulate or down regulate their outputs to keep their output potentials at a specific voltage.
- Electronic components whose operation is based on the characteristics of a conductor or semiconductor material are in general unsuitable to use in creating complex electric fields. Semiconductor diodes, transistors, solid state switches, etc. are not suitable. Electronic components that have their output conductors separated from their input conductors like electronic tubes, electric combs, switches, relays, etc can be used to block the effects of the mobile charges in a conductor that would be interfering with the generation of a complex electric field.
- Charged conductors with a direct or indirect connection to Earth Ground in the general vicinity of a moving charged object in a different inertial frame of reference will create an offsetting electric field to offset that complex electric field from the charged object in a different inertial frame of reference. Neutral conductors that do not have a connection to Earth ground will also general offsetting electric fields from complex electric fields but since the reservoir of mobile charges is limited the effect is not as great.
- A scalar electric potential can be decoupled from the moving charged object by accelerating the charged element perpendicular to its direction of motion. The electric field from the decoupled scalar electric potential can then used to interact with a static electric field from a charged object to effect motion. If a conductor is brought into the position of the scalar electric potential the electric field will not couple back into the conductor unless the conductor is connected to a source of mobile charges like Earth Ground that will allow new charges to enter or exit the conductor.
In this example we have two isolated oppositely charged disks where one disk is rotated against another. The two charges have no connection to an external power supply or to each other or to Earth Ground. The disks have two different types of coatings on them. The rotating disk has a coating that amplifies the increase of the electric field from motion due to the cross product of the velocity and potential from our new term in the electric field equation. The fixed disk has a coating that amplifies the change in its electric field due to the effects from the scalar electric potential. This then causes the two disks to see different electric fields when they are in two different inertial frame of references that produces an axial force on the assembly to the left and a drag force on the motor that resists the turning of the rotating disk. This effect was documented in EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION "EP 0 486 243 A2" under the title of "Machine for acceleration in a gravitational field" on 11/11/1991. The inventor in this patent used two different size cups that were charged and rotated against one another to create a force. In this case the difference in the size of the cups give the inventor two slightly different complex electric fields that created a small axial force.
The example does work as long as the charges are isolated. This experiment using different sized cups in place of the disks was performed and patented in European Union and is at the link "http://www.electrogravityphysics.com/html/eu_patent.html". In the EU patent the inventor went to great lengths to make sure the charges on the two cups that he was rotating together were electrically isolated to get the axial force that the inventor measured. Next is the first example of what does not work is shown below:
This is the same example except now we are charging the disks with two modern power supplies. Now if one of the disks is rotated against the other there is going to be no complex field forming to give us any thrust. Instead when the power supplies see any change in the electric fields from either disk and they will attempt to keep the potentials on the disks at 5 Kv. If we were to replace these supplies with electrostatic supplies we might still not see an axial force. Electrostatic power supply's output potential will increase until its load draws as much current that the supply can deliver. This will cause any electric field changes in our rotating disks to force more of our charges to leaked off through this load and kill any relativistic electric field changes that we might get. Thus bringing back our potential on our rotating disk back to its static value. These effects are also the reasons why our current set of electromagnetic equations work so well when we use conductors with modern power supplies and make sure we ground everything. But for us try to generate thrust from the relativistic electric field changes we have to get rid of the ground connections and power supplies. We can still use conductors if we strictly follow our new rules.
This second example is fairly easy to see why it would not work. First if the potential sources are a modern power supply the supplies will up or down regulate to keep their output voltages (their potentials) at 5 Kv. Then if the electric field does change on the disks due to the rotation of the charged disk the wires will convey that change to the output of the supply and the supply will adjust its potential to keep the electric field on the disks at 5 Kv. The electric current that the supplies can use to absorb or deliver charge to keep the disks at 5 Kv is from our infinite mobile charge carrier source, our Earth Ground. This example will not generate an axial force or have any electric field changes in the disks that are any different than what the static electric fields would be. I wonder how many a electrical engineers or physics PhD's tried this and failed to see any electric field changes and concluded all moving static electric charge's electric fields do not change when their in motion and that the moving charges must be instead creating a magnetic field that is going to be impossible small to measure here on earth.... But really its the interaction of the characteristics the conductors (as the conductors try to keep their internal electric field near 0), the potentials being regulated by the use of modern power supplies, and the effects of Earth Ground that is the real reason that they don't see any electric field changes. The following example is the correct way to deliver our potential to our disks to see a relativistic electric field change that can be used to generate an axial force is diagrammed below:
In this example the power supplies are represented as batteries to emphasize the fact that the power sources have NO external connections to Earth Ground. This design doesn't work very well if you use solid state diodes based on semiconductors. Only electronic diode tubes are going to work as diodes in this circuit. Initially the disks are charged up to their potentials and then one of them is rotated. The electric field on the face of the rotating disk will now increase as it is rotated due to the motion of the charges. The conductor that is feeding the rotating disk its negative charges will see the increase in the electric field. The diode now blocks the increase in the electric field from being seeing by the 10 Kv potential source. If the diode was not in the circuit the 10 Kv source would keep the potentials on the disks at 10 Kv and we would see no axial force form the disks. With the diode the in the circuit, the increase in the electric field from the rotating disk, causes the fixed disk to see a greater electric field in its inertial frame of reference that the rotating disk will not see in its inertial frame of reference. This now gives us an axial force that will propel the assembly backward. The rotating disk will see an tangential electric field that will be seen as an added drag force on the motor.
This design is the basic principle that the static displacement field propulsion drive works on. To see relative velocity inducted electric field changes all one has to do is follow the rules. To create a force from these changes all one has to do is have an assembly of two or more charged elements that produce electric field changes from their relative motion that is different for the different elements. To create different relative velocity inducted electric field changes in different elements all that they have to be is of a different shape, texture, composed of different macro, micro, nano internal charged components of the elements or of different charge distributions in the elements.